However, the term was soon also applied to the ideas of Utopian socialists such as C. Saint-Simon — and F. Fourier — , who were the heirs to many of the ideals of the French Revolution. Besides cooperative and Utopian socialism, other kinds of ideas of socialism appeared almost at the same time. For instance, romantic socialism, represented by J.
Simonde de Sismondi — , asserted that the return to a patriarchal peasant farming life would restore a harmonious and stable economic order. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. What is Sanders' preferred form of socialism? A self-described "democratic socialist," Sanders believes government should aggressively use taxes and social programs to limit income inequality and provide health care, day care, and a college education to all without charge.
But he doesn't spurn private enterprise. When did socialism arise? It began as a response to the dire poverty and inhumane working conditions in industrialized Europe in the early 19th century. One of the first thinkers called a "socialist" was Robert Owen, an idealistic Welsh mill owner who in the s created a number of short-lived "utopian" communities — basically, collectives — in Britain and the American Midwest.
But socialism really took off in midcentury, spurred by the writings of German philosopher Karl Marx and the rise of labor unions.
How did it spread to the U. The first socialist to hold public office in the U. Debs see below , a fiery railroad-union leader who ran for president five times. But by the s, U. What happened? In , Congress passed the Espionage Act, making it a crime to speak out against the war or oppose the draft. Thousands of socialists, including Debs, were subsequently arrested. At the same time, Russia's Bolshevik Revolution caused a "red scare" in the U.
Suspected radicals were rounded up and jailed, and nativists demanded an end to immigration from Italy and Eastern Europe, which they saw as hotbeds of communist sentiment. Is socialism the same as communism? Marx envisioned communism as a higher and purer form of socialism, in which all private property would become obsolete, class distinctions would dissolve, and goods and services would flow freely, "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.
But "socialist" largely remains a dirty, and often misunderstood, term in the realm of U. A system of society or group living in which there is no private property and the means of production are owned and controlled by the state. But there also are very different stripes of it. In the European strain, there was a great emphasis on to each according to their needs, from each according to their skill.
On the American side, you have a certain commitment to it maybe a revolutionary rhetoric, but reformist implementation, for the most part.
Whether you're talking about parks or grazing land. Even something like say eminent domain, which is the taking of private property for a public good, is actually a very American practice — moving something from a market to a nonmarket use, per se. So that's in , that recently — in the middle of the Gilded Age — which had the great wealth disparities that we're seeing today. Some people talk about living the second Gilded Age, well that was the first one, when people were so shocked about what concentration of wealth meant and what corporate power meant.
People immediately started imagining what an alternative might be. And one of the men who came out of that culture was Eugene Debs from Terre Haute, Indiana, who became the great era socialist of American history.
And I guess to answer your question, it was around Debs that socialism began to become a dirty word.
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